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Indian emigration, 1947 to present

2013· other· en· W1582814771 on OpenAlex
Vibha Bhalla

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueThe Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration · 2013
Typeother
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicMigration and Labor Dynamics
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsMiddle EastEmigrationKingdomIndependence (probability theory)CitizenshipImmigrationGeographyPolitical scienceEconomic growthSocioeconomicsSociologyEconomicsPoliticsLaw

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Abstract Large‐scale migration from India began in 1947 after India's independence from the United Kingdom. A substantial proportion of Indian migrants are highly educated, skilled professionals in science‐based fields, especially physicians, engineers, and computer scientists, who have migrated to economically developed nations, predominantly the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. Since the 1970s, semiskilled and unskilled workers have also been migrating to the oil‐producing countries in the Middle East. The two migrant flows vary immensely: migrants to the developed nations have the right to citizenship and family reunification and consequently have settled permanently in these nations. In sharp contrast, migration to the Middle East nations is predominantly temporary, and composed primarily of men who rarely have the right to migrate with their families. The largest number of Indian migrants can be found in the United States (1,678,765), the United Kingdom (1,200,000), Canada, (851,000), and Australia (190,000). Indian migrants to the Middle East are predominantly in Saudi Arabia (1,500,000), followed by the United Arab Emirates (950,000), Oman (312,000), Kuwait (295,000), Qatar (131,000), and Bahrain (312,000).

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.703
Threshold uncertainty score0.998

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0030.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.009
GPT teacher head0.296
Teacher spread0.286 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it