Monitoring the disruption of nuclear envelopes in interphase cells with GFP-beta-galactosidase.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The nuclear envelope of eukaryotic cells provides a barrier separating nucleus from cytoplasm, thereby regulating the exchange of macromolecules between both compartments. However, in cells exposed to severe forms of stress this barrier may break down, resulting in the mixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic contents. We show here that the fusion protein GFP-beta-galactosidase can be used to evaluate the intactness of nuclear envelopes in HeLa cells that have been exposed to heat and oxidative stress. GFP-beta-galactosidase is restricted to the cytoplasm of interphase cells, but enters the nucleus when nuclear membranes are disrupted. For comparison, we have analyzed the barrier function of nuclear membranes with antibodies against lamin B. Treatment of fixed cells with digitonin permeabilizes the plasma membrane, but leaves nuclear envelopes intact. Consequently, after digitonin incubation antibodies to lamin B can bind their antigen only if nuclear membranes are damaged. For various heat and oxidative stress conditions, we have compared the distribution of GFP-beta-galactosidase with the accessibility of lamin B to antibodies. Our results demonstrate that nuclear envelopes are permeable to antibodies whenever GFP-beta-galactosidase enters the nucleus. GFP-beta-galactosidase is therefore a useful tool for evaluating the disintegration of the nuclear envelope and identifying cells in which a mixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic material takes place.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".