Rural Canadian youth exposed to physical violence : resilience, disruptive behaviour, depression, and PTSD symptoms
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exposure to physical violence is an unfortunate reality for many Canadian youth (Statistics Canada, 2003), and is associated with numerous negative effects (U.S. Department of Justice, 2000). This study aims to assist in understanding resilience in rural Canadian youth exposed to physical violence by identifying how important certain protective factors are, together with physical violence exposure, in predicting disruptive behaviour, depression, and post-traumatic stress. The protective factors examined are: sense of mastery, sense of relatedness, and positive emotional reactivity. The risk factors examined are three modes of violence exposure: hearing about, witnessing, and being victim. The sample included 162 youth, ages 16 to 19. A demographic questionnaire and measures of personal protective factors, physical violence exposure, post-traumatic stress, depression, and disruptive behaviours was distributed in a school setting. Data was analyzed through correlations, standard multiple regressions, and stepwise multiple regressions. Participants were exposed to high rates of physical violence. Nearly all (99%) heard about, 73% witnessed, and 58% were victim to at least one act of violence. Disruptive behaviour, depression, and PTSD symptoms were positively correlated with all modes of physical violence exposure and negatively correlated with all protective factors. Hearing reports of violence predicted depression in the total sample. For males, hearing reports of violence predicted disruptive behaviour. In females, witnessing violence predicted disruptive behaviour and PTSD symptoms, and being victim to violence predicted PTSD symptoms. Positive emotional reactivity seems to be more important in protecting youth from developing psychological symptoms than sense of mastery and sense of relatedness. The ability to regulate one’s emotional reaction and recover when upset predicted disruptive behaviour, depression, and PTSD symptoms, whereas sense of mastery predicted depression and PTSD symptoms, and sense of relatedness only predicted disruptive behaviour. This study adds to the research on physical violence exposure, protective factors, and internalizing/externalizing problems. Few studies have explored these relationships in rural or Canadian samples. The results provide insight into the impact of hearing reports of violence and differences between males and females. Future research should take these variables into account when examining the effects of physical violence exposure on youth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".