The Investor and Civil Society as Twin Global Citizens: Proposing a New Interpretation in the Legitimacy Debate
Bibliographic record
Abstract
I. Introduction: The rise of the private sector actor in international relations and international law The rise to international prominence of the private sector actor has been extensively registered, discussed, and debated for at least two decades. The phenomenon correlates with the process of globalization, the transforming role of the Westphalian nation-state, and perhaps, as some scholars have suggested, with the rise and fall of empires (e.g., the American Empire) and the emergence of neo-medievalism. Among the new terminology developed in this discourse, the concept of NSA has come to encapsulate the change in the role of the private sector actor. The NSA, which serves to distinguish the state from all other actors, comprises four main types of actors: not-for profit non-governmental individuals and groups, both national and transnational, loosely grouped under the term of civil society; national economic enterprises and multi-national corporations (MNCs), which represent the for-profit version of the former; national and transnational opposition groups and their counter-parts represented by para-military actors and the private military industry and services, embodying the interests of armed force non-governmental organizations (NGOs); and, sometimes, inter-governmental organizations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.074 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.019 | 0.023 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.015 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".