Experiment and theory combine to produce a practical negative ion calibration set for collision cross‐section determinations by travelling‐wave ion‐mobility mass spectrometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RATIONALE: There are relatively few cross-section measurements for negatively charged ions. Available calibrants provide sufficient cross-section coverage for the 390 Å(2) to 641 Å(2) and 1174 Å(2) to 3395 Å(2) ranges. This is not particularly well suited for determining the collision cross-sections of smaller ions, such as small peptides. METHODS: Molecular mechanics/molecular dynamics (MM/MD) simulations, coupled with simulated annealing, were used to find the low-energy molecular conformations of polystyrene (PS) oligomers of length 3-9 (singly deprotonated) and 5-13 (doubly deprotonated). The trajectory method in MOBCAL was employed to derive their respective collision cross-sections, Ω. A calibration plot relating corrected Ω values to drift times in a Waters Synapt G2 mass spectrometer was used to predict the Ω values for the -2 to -6 charge states of dT(10) DNA. RESULTS: The in silico design of a reliable negative ion calibration set for ion mobility spectrometry successfully resulted in the use of α,ω-carboxy-terminated PS oligomers to determine the collision cross-sections of negatively charged ions in the range 132-388 Å(2). All charge states of dT(10) DNA were predicted to within 3% of the referenced values for these ions. CONCLUSIONS: α,ω-Carboxy-terminated PS oligomers were found to be an excellent choice to calibrate ion mobility spectrometers to obtain cross-sections for moderately sized ions. Oligomers with fewer, or weaker, interactions among the internal side chains (like poly(ethylene glycol) oligomers) tend to have a wide range of low-energy molecular conformations resulting in large standard deviations in their theoretically predicted collision cross-sections.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".