Local oscillator requirements for timekeeping in the 10/sup -14/ tau /sup -1/2/ era
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A method of using current local oscillators for timekeeping standards based on Ramsey interrogation of large ensembles of ions or atoms, such as a linear ion trap or a pulsed atomic fountain, is proposed and analyzed. The time domain is used to analyze these systems. The atomic ensemble is regarded as the reference oscillator to measure the local oscillator's accumulation of the phase error during the time interval between the two Ramsey interactions. Thus, the local oscillator's degradation of timekeeping can be largely limited to the accumulation of local oscillator phase error during the dead time between Ramsey interrogation cycles. The degradation is studied and presented for different local oscillators in the context of a pulsed atomic fountain. For timekeeping, current quartz local oscillators could be used in a pulsed cesium fountain frequency standard to approach the sigma /sub y/( tau ) regime of 10/sup -14/ tau /sup -1/2/, and with improved local oscillators could be spectacularly better.>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".