Evaluation of Solar Spectra and Their Effects on Radiative Transfer and Climate Simulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this chapter we will discuss solar spectral distributions and their corresponding impact on the climate, especially on the Earth’s atmospheric temperature and energy balance at the surface. Solar spectrum is defined as a spectral distribution of the solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). It represents the incoming solar energy to the earth system containing the atmosphere and ocean. Solar radiation is the original driving force for the continuous circulations of atmosphere and ocean. It has been recognized that the variation of total solar irradiance (solar constant) at the TOA is one of the important factors impacting climate change, though the variation in total solar irradiance is very small, approximately only about 0.1% of the solar constant or about 1.3Wm−2 (Krivova et al, 2010). Besides the variation of the total solar irradiance the changes in the spectral distribution of the solar radiation can also affect the climate. However much less attention has been focused on this aspect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".