Constructive appropriation - the key to constructive expropriation? Guidelines from Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article addresses how the doctrine of constructive expropriation can be accommodated in the South African legal system. Case law has not yet provided clear guidelines and the possibility of expanding the parameters of expropriation by adopting the uniquely Canadian approach to the issue of constructive expropriation, is explored. Canadian jurisprudence recognises that expropriation is a matter involving both fact and law and that when the loss to the aggrieved party is accompanied by a form of appropriation by the expropriating authority, compensation becomes payable. Constructive expropriation could apply in South Africa if the range of appropriation were to be extended to regard any form of gain or benefit at the expense of the property owner's core competence in relation to the property, as an acquisition by the expropriator.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.023 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.013 | 0.013 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".