Influence of Stiles–Crawford apodization on visual acuity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Stiles-Crawford effect (SCE) of the first kind has often been considered to be important to spatial visual performance in that it ameliorates the influence of defocus and aberrations. We investigated the influence of SCE apodization on visual acuity as a function of defocus (out to +/-2 D) in four subjects. We used optical filters, conjugate with the eye's entrance pupil, that neutralized or doubled the existing SCE. With an illiterate-E task, the influence of the SCE was more noticeable for myopic defocus than for hypermetropic defocus, was generally more noticeable for high-contrast than for low-contrast letters, and increased with increase in pupil size. The greatest influence on visual acuity of neutralizing the SCE, across the subjects and range of conditions, was deterioration of 0.06 (4-mm pupil), 0.16 (6-mm pupil), and 0.29 log unit (7.6-mm pupil).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".