Phloridzin fatty acid esters induce apoptosis and alters gene expression in human liver cancer cells (261.2)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phloridzin Fatty Acid Esters Induce Apoptosis and Alters Gene Expression in Human Liver Cancer Cells Sandhya VG Nair, Ziaullah, HP Vasantha Rupasinghe* Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada Abstract Phloridzin (phloretin 2‐ O ‐glucoside) is a dihydrochalcone, which is specifically found in apple and well known for its beneficial biological effects. To date, there is no report of antiproliferative effect of phloridzin on human cancer cell lines. We have synthesized novel acylated derivatives of phloridzin with six different long chain saturated, mono‐, and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids by regioselective enzymatic acylation. We investigated the effect of these six phloridzin fatty acid esters and their parent compounds on cell proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and its potential molecular mechanisms. Phloridzin fatty acid esters inhibited HepG2 cells growth in a concentration‐dependent manner by inducing apoptosis, as evidenced by decreased cell viability, formation of apoptotic bodies, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase 3 and inhibition of DNA topoisomerases IIα activity that might induce G0/G1 phase arrest. However, phloridzin fatty acid esters did not significantly affect the growth of normal hepatocytes. Antiproliferative effect of phloridzin docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ester was also associated with the down regulation of anti‐apoptotic genes, growth factor receptors, PI3k/AKT/mTOR as well as epigenetics regulators. Results reveal that phloridzin fatty acid esters possess potential as therapeutic agents for treating hepatocellular carcinoma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".