Le Gender Mainstreaming et Le Droit International Des Droits Des Femmes: de L’Allusion à L’Illusion (Gender Mainstreaming and the International Law of Women's Rights: From Allusion to Illusion)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On s’entend pour dire qu’il existe un regime specifique du droit international des droits des femmes. Et qui dit regime, dit institutionnalisation de celui-ci. Ce chapitre entend demontrer que cette theorie, que nous ne contestons pas, est soumise a deux contraintes importantes. Premierement, c’est la dimension procedurale et technocratique de ce regime specifique du droit international des droits de la personne qui domine actuellement l’action institutionnelle des Nations Unies. Cette approche est consacree par la strategie du Gender Mainstreaming, auquel se consacre ce chapitre. La premiere partie explore le concept de Gender Mainstreaming a titre de strategie institutionnelle et onusienne de valorisation, en theorie du moins, des droits des femmes et de leur droit a l’egalite. Et a la question de savoir si le Gender Mainstreaming recele les vertus antisexistes et transformatrices attendues, nous repondons negativement, sans toutefois nier les merites et les avancees en ce qui concernent la participation des femmes et de leurs associations representatives, au niveau local et international, au processus de prise en compte institutionnelle des femmes au sein des Nations Unies. Le Gender Mainstreaming serait donc devenu un «regime dans le regime». Mais a quelle fin ? Dans un deuxieme temps, ce chapitre examine le Quartet des resolutions adoptees par le Conseil de securite des Nations Unies (1325-1820-1888-1889) et qui concernent la situation des femmes dans les situations de conflits et de post conflits. Certes, il faut mesures les progres de mise en oeuvre de la Resolution 1325. Mais que mesure-t-on au juste et pourquoi ? La reponse a cette question illustre la deuxieme contrainte au recours a la strategie du Gender Mainstreaming dans le contexte onusien. D’une part, les choix politiques des instances onusiennes, et notamment du Conseil de securite, ont limite le recours au Gender Mainstreaming aux situations de violence faites aux femmes. Il aurait pu en etre autrement. Et d’autre part, l’adoption recente d’indicateurs de realisation de la Resolution 1325 surgit au moment meme ou l’agenda securitaire impose une grille de lecture aux instances onusiennes. Ainsi, il est donc a craindre que le choix de recourir au Gender Mainstreaming ait devie de son intention d’origine et que les droits des femmes, y compris dans les situations de conflits et de post conflits, aient ete technocratiquement instrumentalises au benefice de la mesure de la securite internationale. Ces constats, peu optimistes, n’enlevent rien aux vertus de ce qui, au fond, ne devrait etre qu’un outil de mesure des droits des femmes. Mais lorsque les moyens justifient la fin ….Cette contribution resulte d’une presentation faite en novembre 2011 dans le cadre de la Journee d’etudes «Femmes et droit international» organisee par la Societe francaise de droit international.The international law of women’s rights is often described as a regime. A functional regime requires a certain form and level of institutionalization. As a matter of fact, the women’s rights regime benefitted over the last decade of some form of deep institutional integration, namely inside the United Nations. Such integration seems to be limited, though, to its procedural and technocratic dimension. And the Gender Mainstreaming (GM) strategy illustrates such limitations. This paper wished to explore GM as an institutional strategy. The first part looks at GM from an historical and theoretical perspective. If at any point, the GM promoters expected a major shift inside UN in regard of the right of women to equality as a transformative and normative standard, we believe they were wrong, although it is never too late to hope. That being said, the integration of GM as a management tool inside the UN certainly opened a significant deliberative space that qualifies by itself as a tool to promote women’s right to institutional participation. Has GM become « a regime inside a regime»? And if so, what are the consequences? The second part of this paper focuses on the Women and Conflicts Resolutions adopted by the UN General Assembly between 2000 and 2009. GM played an important role in the design of Resolution 1325 (2000). As the UN GA moved from principles (Resolution 1325) to implementation (following resolutions), it is interesting to look at what exactly is now being considered success and at how were developed the measurement tools? Finally, the closing up of GM on situations of violence and of sexual violence against women in conflict situations shows a very narrow understanding, or political acceptation, of women’s rights as human rights. Even more, the adoption of recent implementation indicators may even reveal how GM in conflict and post conflict situations can serve a different agenda than the women’s rights agenda: it may be global security. This paper was presented in Paris in November 2011 in the context of a Journee d’etudes «Femmes et droit international» organised by the Societe francaise de droit international.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".