The historical legacy of anthrosols at Sandhavn, south Greenland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The impact of European settlement and farming on the landscape of southwest Greenland has been considered in many landscape and archaeological studies, however the nature and extent of soil modification associated with European land management has yet to be determined. This paper explores the historical legacy of anthrosols at a large Norse farm site in south Greenland. Changes in land management, resource exploitation and site formation are examined, and the notion of soils based evidence for cultural interaction is explored. Key Words Anthrosols, Norse, Homefield, Manuring, Irrigation, Inuit, Greenland Introduction Modification of the landscape through implementation of historic European farming practises is observable at a regional scale and at the individual farm level in southwest Greenland. The landscape across both the Norse Eastern and Western Settlement areas is characterised by a scattered settlement distribution reflecting the importation of a pastoral farming economy by European settlers thin the 11 century AD (Arneborg 2005). In particular there is a distinct correlation between farm location and areas of high quality pasture in inner-fjord areas (McGovern 1980a, 1980b). Although all farms were engaged in pastoral agriculture, farms in more peripheral and/or marginal locations specialised in additional modes of subsistence. Interior farms were positioned to exploit migratory caribou, similarly coastal farms specialised in marine resource extraction (Berglund 1986). The settlement pattern of Norse farms was dictated by a European model of subsistence which extended to the spatial organisation of land at the individual farm level. Farmland was divided and utilised according to the infield-outfield system. The infield, also referred to as the homefield, was located near to the farmstead and was used to grow fodder for overwintering cattle. The outfield was used to graze cattle during the summer, and sheep and goats all year. Farming in Greenland differed from mainland Europe in that it was based exclusively on livestock, however comparable management strategies to ensure maximum growth yields are apparent. The use of irrigation networks to supply the homefield with a regulated water supply has been identified at several Norse sites including Igaliku and Quassiarsuk (Arneborg 2005). This strategy enabled maximisation of fodder crop yields and led to increased growth security in more marginal years through offsetting growing season soil moisture deficits (Adderley and Simpson 2006). In contrast irrigation in mainland Europe was used as a mechanism to increase grain production. The establishment of saeters (shielings) is an additional example of European resource management in southwest Greenland. Within the Eastern Settlement hay making saeters are restricted to marginal resource areas. In addition, there is a close association between milking saeters and areas of medium quality pasture with limited opportunities for grazing (Albrethsen 1991). The impact of European settlement and farming on the landscape of southwest Greenland has been considered in many landscape and archaeological studies, however the nature and extent of soil modification associated with European land management has yet to be determined. This paper explores the historical legacy of anthrosols at a large Norse farm site in south Greenland. Changes in land management, resource exploitation and site formation are examined, and the notion of soils based evidence for cultural interaction is explored.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".