A renal‐like organic anion transport system in the ciliary body epithelium of the eye (1064.16)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The ciliary body epithelium (CE) is a bilayer consisting of a pigmented cell layer and a non‐pigmented cell layer, which together act as a physical barrier between the circulation and the eye interior. Previous studies show that clearance of organic anions from the eye is slowed by the well‐established organic anion transport inhibitor, probenecid. The purpose of this study was to determine the direction of organic anion transport across the CE and the transport proteins that may contribute. Paired unidirectional fluxes (aqueous humor‐to‐blood and blood‐to‐aqueous humor) and net flux (the difference between the unidirectional fluxes) of the organic anion para‐aminohippurate (PAH) across the freshly dissected rabbit CE was determined using Ussing chambers. RT‐PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to examine organic anion transporter expression in the human eye. Net active PAH transport across the rabbit CE was in the aqueous humor‐to‐blood direction, with flux ratios of ~5. Probenecid (0.1 mM) inhibited net active PAH transport by reducing the unidirectional aqueous humor‐to‐blood flux. The organic anion transporters OAT1, OAT3, NaDC3 and MRP4 were detected in extracts of human ciliary body by RT‐PCR. The efflux transporter MRP4 was also detected in human ciliary body extracts by immunoblotting, where it localized to the basolateral membrane (blood‐facing side) of pigmented cells (determined by immunohistochemistry). These data suggest that the CE contains an organic anion transport system similar to that found in the renal proximal tubule. We speculate that this system is functionally similar in that it is involved in clearing potentially harmful endobiotic and xenobiotic organic anions from the eye interior. Supported by NSERC, NSHRF and CIHR. Grant Funding Source : Supported by NSERC, NSHRF and CIHR
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".