Relationships between vascular resistance and energy deficiency, nutritional status and oxidative stress in oestrogen deficient physically active women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Oestrogen deficiency contributes to altered cardiovascular function in premenopausal amenorrheic physically active women. We investigated whether other energy deficiency-associated factors might also be associated with altered cardiovascular function in these women. DESIGN: A prospective observational study was completed at a research facility at the University of Toronto. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-two healthy premenopausal women (18-35 years old) were studied; 9 sedentary and ovulatory; 14 physically active and ovulatory; and 8 physically active and amenorrheic. MEASUREMENTS: We measured calf vascular resistance, resting heart rate, dietary energy intake, resting energy expenditure and serum measures of homocysteine, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, oxidized low-density lipoproteins, total T(3), ghrelin, leptin and insulin. RESULTS: Groups were similar (P > 0.05) in age (25.1 +/- 0.8 years; mean +/- SEM), weight (57.3 +/- 1.1 kg), and BMI (21.4 +/- 0.3 kg/m(2)). Resting vascular resistance and ghrelin were highest (P < 0.05, main effect), and total T(3) and energy expenditure adjusted for fat free mass lowest (P < 0.05, main effect) in oestrogen deficient women. Using pooled data for stepwise multiple regression modelling: ghrelin and resting energy expenditure adjusted for fat free mass were associated with resting vascular resistance (R(2) = 0.398, P = 0.018); adjusted dietary energy intake was associated with peak-ischaemic vascular resistance (R(2) = 0.231, P = 0.015). Adjusted resting energy expenditure (r = 0.624, P < 0.001) and total T(3) correlated (r = 0.427, P = 0.019) with resting heart rate. Homocysteine, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and oxidized low-density lipoproteins were similar (P > 0.05, main effect) among the groups, and were unrelated to cardiovascular measures. CONCLUSION: Altered resting vascular resistance in premenopausal oestrogen deficient physically active amenorrheic women is not associated with vascular inflammation or oxidative stress, but rather with parameters that reflect metabolic allostasis and dietary intake, suggesting a potential role for chronic energy deficiency in vascular regulation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".