A two-loop third-order multistage ΔΣ frequency to digital converter
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ frequency to digital converter based on two /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ phase-locked loops (PLLs). A primary /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ PLL performs frequency discrimination with first order noise shaping while a secondary /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ PLL performs a second order noise shaped measurement of the quantization phase error introduced by the primary PLL. Then, as in multistage A/D converters, the two digital outputs are combined to produce a cancellation of the quantization error introduced by the primary PLL . This paper presents results from a hardware prototype following the above concept, built with discrete ECL components. Measured results indicate that the circuit could function as a highly linear FM demodulator from an IF frequency or alternatively could form part of a frequency synthesizer. The secondary /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ PLL which provides a noise shaped phase error to digital conversion appears to be new. Its application to frequency synthesis is also discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".