2-Arachidonylglycerol Protects Primary Astrocytes Exposed to Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation Through a Blockade of NDRG2 Signaling and STAT3 Phosphorylation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The human N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is expressed in astrocytes, and may be involved in the modulation of gliacyte function in the central nervous system. Our previous study found suppression of NDRG2 up-regulation in reactive astrocytes in cerebral ischemic tolerance. 2-Arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) can induce cerebral ischemic tolerance. However, the underlying mechanism of NDRG2 in cytoprotection induced by 2-AG in primary astrocytesis still unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of NDRG2 in cerebral ischemic tolerance induced by 2-AG after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in primary astrocytes. The results showed that primary astrocytes exposed to OGD resulted in marked increase of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and decrease of methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) reduction activity in comparison to control cultures. The levels of NDRG2 and phospho-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) in the OGD group were comparably higher than those in the control group, and the up-regulation of NDRG2 and pSTAT3 was suppressed in NDRG2 siRNA group. The cell viability in the 2-AG group was higher than that in the OGD group, and transfecting the NDRG2 pSRL-CDH1-GFP vector reversed the protective effects of 2-AG. The levels of NDRG2 and pSTAT3 in the 2-AG group were lower than those in the OGD group. 2-AG suppressed STAT3 phosphorylation by decreased expression of NDRG2. In conclusion, 2-AG protects primary astrocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation through a blockade of NDRG2 signaling and STAT3 phosphorylation. These findings bring insight to the roles of NDRG2 in ischemic-hypoxic injury and provide novel potential targets for future potent clinical therapies on cerebral ischemia injury.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".