Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper argues that Woodrow Wilson’s efforts to enshrine religious freedom protection in the Covenant of the League of Nations at the Paris Peace Conference brought about the first modern international legal regime of religious freedom. He sought to include a legal guarantee of religious freedom in three different contexts in the Covenant: first, in the League Covenant as a rule of universal application, and following his failure to do so, in the Mandate System and in the Minorities Protection Treaties. This is the first account to relate Wilson to issues of religious freedom protection and also the first to focus on issues of religious freedom during the Paris Peace Conference. It hopes to not only recognize Wilson’s unacknowledged personal involvement in this field but also challenges conventional notions that the religious freedom protection regime inaugurated by the Covenant largely focused on collective religious rights from the outset, when in fact, Wilson sought to apply this guarantee in all its possible guises as expediency and practicality would allow. Wilson however sought not to protect religious freedom for its own sake, but as a complement to his League, that is, to preserve world peace.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.021 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".