Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the early years of the modern era of the wind turbine, experimental development of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) was underpinned by an incremental improvement of aerodynamic performance prediction methods; the most advanced being the double actuator disk, multiple streamtube theory devised, quite independently, by David Sharpe in the UK and Ion Paraschivoiu in Canada. Commercially, VAWTs were not successful as the 3-bladed, pitch control horizontal axis turbine became the de facto configuration for the industry, and consequently progress in VAWT development stagnated. However, renewed interest in VAWTS has emerged, prompted by the development of small turbines for use in urban environments, e.g. the helical VAWT from quietrevolution. The objective of this paper will be to review recent third party findings and present the author’s own trade studies of the helical VAWT using the double actuator disk, multiple streamtube theory. Furthermore, initial investigations will be presented of a proprietary CFD software tool, which uses a mesh-less approach to fluid dynamics modelling that makes it an attractive option for dynamic/transient flows, moving bodies, and complex body surfaces. The author concludes that the challenges for predicting the aerodynamic performance remain the same but CFD offers substantial new insights into turbine behaviour
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.030 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.020 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".