Évolution de la pensée géographique dans la foulée des mutations de la géographie
Bibliographic record
Abstract
L’article a pour objectif de décrire l’évolution de la géographie entre 1950 et 1985 et d’en découvrir le sens unitaire. Après la présentation du questionnement et du cadre d’analyse, le malaise des géographes à propos de leur discipline durant les années 1950 et 1960 fait ressortir l’ampleur des mutations après les années 1970 avec l’analyse spatiale et les géographies radicale, humaniste, historique et féministe. Il y a une rupture épistémologique entre les deux périodes car, depuis 1970, la géographie adopte la perspective constructiviste et l’idée d’un objet formel pour la discipline : l’organisation spatiale des sociétés. Mais avec l’arrivée des autres « nouvelles » géographies, l’objet formel se modifie pour devenir les « interactions sociales ». Bref, les mutations des années 1970-1985 sont davantage des tournants disciplinaires sans être des ruptures épistémologiques au sens de Kuhn.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | Science and technology studies Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Theoretical or conceptual | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Theoretical or conceptual | low |
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.334 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
The models disagree on parts of this classification; every voice is preserved in the section at the end of the page.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".