Particules métadiscursives et autres modes langagières: des cas de changement linguistique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The present article focuses on the use of metadiscursive expressions and discourse particles that are produced in great numbers by Montreal speakers in different time periods and that have generally been regarded as language ticks. Elements of the first group make explicit the conscious state of speakers with respect to their language production; elements of the second group illustrate the fleeting and unstable character of language modes. In analyzing the elements of both groups, we cover the two aspects of the problem before us: addressing the question of language awareness and showing the evolution of discourse particles which are an indication of this awareness. The data on which our observations are made are taken from three sociolinguistic corpora created successively over time with the same Montreal francophone speakers: the Sankoff-Cedergen corpus (1971), the 1984 Montreal corpus and the Montreal 1995 corpus. Our analysis reveals that while both the frequency and the choice of particles vary with time, all of the speakers produce them, and that their production increases with age, regardless of sex or socioprofessional status.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".