The evolution of social behavior in the augochlorine sweat bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) based on a phylogenetic analysis of the genera
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this chapter we review the published literature on the social behavior of the halictid tribe Augochlorini, and present a generic–level phylogeny. The augochlorine genera show a wide variety of social behaviors ranging from solitary nesting to eusociality, and there is considerable within–species variation. Most species can be characterized as facultatively solitary to semisocial; three genera, Augochlorella, Pereirapis and Augochlora (Oxystoglossella) , contain primitively eusocial species. In order to determine the pattern of social evolution in the Augochlorini we performed a phylogenetic analysis using eighty–one morpholo – gical characters derived from Eickwort's (1969b) generic revision of the tribe. These phylogenetic results have some significance for interpreting patterns of social evolution within the Augochlorini. First, although eusociality occurs in three genera, our phylogeny indicates that eusociality arose once within the tribe, in the common ancestor of Augochlorella, Ceratalictus, Pereirapis and Augochlora sensu lato. Second, these results also suggest that eusociality in the Augochlorini arose independently of its origin in the Halictini. Third, the existence of solitary behavior in at least one species of Augochlora sensu stricto can be most parsimoniously explained as a reversal to solitary nesting from a eusocial ancestor. Finally, the sole kleptoparasitic genus in the Augochlorini, Temnosoma , appears closely related to its presumed host, Augochloropsis sensu lato. We discuss the importance of these results for other studies of social evolution and indicate future directions for research on this tribe of bees.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".