Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of high intensity ultrasound field in water and the resulting volume oscillations of one underwater micron-sized gas bubble initially resting between two larger but micron-sized solid particles are numerically studied. The model assumes that the two particles remain at rest while the bubble changes its shape in the presence of the particles. Specifically, this study predicts the bubble’s expansion, collapse, and interaction effects with the adjacent two solid spherical particles which are not necessarily of equal size. The model assumes that the flow surrounding the bubble and two particles is incompressible. A 2-D Finite Element method which is capable of tracking the ultra fast moving boundary of the bubble is developed and an associated computer program is written to solve the modeled equations and boundary conditions. In the absence of a similar study in the literature, the validation (although not shown here) of the numerical method is carried out by solving the expansion and collapse of a single bubble initially resting in an infinite extent of fluid for which theoretical results are well-known in the literature. A good agreement is obtained between the numerical and theoretical results [18]. Numerical results for the temporal shapes of the bubble, its lifetimes for various parametric cases are provided and discussed. The variations of the pressure and the velocity fields in the liquid surrounding the bubble and two particles are also analyzed and discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".