Evaluating the vowel space effects of larynx height using laryngeal ultrasound
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A study that applies laryngeal ultrasound to the task of evaluating the effect of larynx height on vowel formant frequencies is presented. Larynx height is generally assumed to correlate positively with the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract. In the simple uniform tube model of the vocal tract, lengthening or shortening the tube to represent change to larynx height yields this effect, since resonant frequencies are inversely proportional to vocal tract length. Change in larynx height was observed using laryngeal ultrasound and quantified by means of an optical flow algorithm, a block-wise, absolute differences method. In phonetic terms, larynx raising entails epilaryngeal stricture. The uniform tube model does not account for the role of larynx height in epilaryngeal constriction. Part of the mechanism involves retraction of the tongue in conjunction with larynx raising, and this might account for the more elevated than normal laryngeal height and undershoot of larynx raising during open vowels.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".