Deciphering tensions in the development of co-operatives: insights from the Montréal School on co-operative management
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The authors analyze the tensions in co-operative development by drawing upon the works of the Montréal school of thought on co-operative management, the first contributions of which date to the creation of the Centre for Co-operative management at HEC Montréal in 1975. They suggest that the study of tensions represents a distinctive trait of this school of thought, and that this specificity has global implications for the co-operative movement. The tensions in co-operative development are presented in order of their appearance in the co-operative life cycle and are classified according to their nature. The contribution of this school fills a gap in the study of co-operatives where the diachronic analysis is less developed than the synchronic one. In addition, this allows the authors to show the turning point at which small and large cooperatives diverge. Similarly, the reactions to the tensions are analyzed to offer, in the end, an integrative frame that may be useful to co-operative developers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.056 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.012 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".