Percutaneous Renal Biopsy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Renal biopsy is an essential tool for the diagnosis of several renal diseases. The first renal biopsies were performed in 1923 as open surgical procedures (Gwyn, 1923). The percutaneous approach has been part of the clinical practice since 1951 (Iversen & Brun, 1951). A few years later, a description of the procedure with the patient placed in a prone position was published (Kark & Muehrcke, 1954). The new technique had a success rate of more than 90% and was not associated with major complications. Percutaneous ultrasoundguided renal biopsy is now considered as the standard method. It is a routine procedure that can be done with minimal discomfort to the patient. Here we review major topics related to this frequent and useful procedure in the field of nephrology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".