Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acoustic Streaming in Cavitating Fluid
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acoustic streaming (AS) is a bulk flow caused by attenuation of an acoustic wave propagating in the medium. When cavitating bubbles are present in the fluid, they actively absorb acoustic waves, generating acoustic streaming. Therefore, measurements of acoustic streaming can provide information on the cavitation field. In this work, Magnetic Resonance Imaging was applied to studies of cavitating fluid in a standing acoustic wave at an acoustic frequency of 31kHz. A spin echo Pulsed Field Gradient sequence was employed to sensitize the measurement to motion. Velocity spectra, kinetic energy maps and maps of the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient were obtained for air‐saturated water, water with surfactant ([SDS] = 1 mM) and water with SDS/NaCl ([NaCl] = 0.1 M). Cavitation bubbles cause an increase in dispersion coefficient and acoustic streaming. These effects are not observed in degassed samples. Streaming was most developed in samples with surfactants, which also demonstrate a pronounced anisotropy of the dispersion coefficient. Stabilization of the bubble surface and reduction of bubble coalescence by the surfactant can explain the observed differences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".