The Origin and Evolution of a Complex Cuspate Foreland: Pointe-aux-Pins, Lake Erie, Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The origin of Pointe-aux-Pins, a large, rounded, cuspate foreland protruding from the north shore of Lake Erie, is difficult to explain by conventional spit formation processes. Stratigraphic evidence from boreholes, the distribution of nearshore sediments, surface geomorphology, and previously published interpretations of Lake Erie water levels were combined to produce an hypothetical model of the development of the foreland from approximately 12,000 years BP to now. According to the model, the ancestral Pointe-aux-Pins began as a promontory caused by the intersection of the cross-lake Erieau moraine with the original lake shoreline, then located tens of kilometres lakeward of its present position. Lake levels at the time were about 30 m below present datum (173.3 m a.s.l.). Modern Pointe-aux-Pins dates from after the Nipissing "flood", at about 3500 BP, when the thereto-submerged sandy spit platform was again subjected to wave action, leading to beach ridge and dune formation. The age of the foreland of 3500 to 4000 years compares well with estimates based on the annual sand supply rate and the present sand volume in Pointe-aux-Pins.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".