Self-Efficacy dalam Kecemasan Berbicara di Depan Umum (Studi pada Tiga Mahasiswa Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Bakrie)
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Abstract
ABSTRAK Public speaking menurut Bormann dan Bormann (1977, dalam Carpio dan Encarnacion, 2004:2) adalah komunikasi dimana seseorang harus berdiri dan menentukan, menjelaskan, mendukung, atau memberikan argumentasi yang menentang sebuah gagasan atau seseorang. Melaksanakan public speaking tidaklah mudah, dimana seseorang wajib untuk memerhatikan audiens dan selalu dituntut untuk tampil efektif di berbagai situasi. Maka dari itu, tidaklah mengherankan apabila seseorang sering mengalami kecemasan saat berbicara di depan umum, tidak terkecuali mahasiswa. Kecemasan berbicara di depan umum juga dipengaruhi oleh beragam aspek, salah satunya adalah self-efficacy , yang memiliki makna sebagai keyakinan optimistis terhadap kompetensi dan efektivitas pada diri sendiri (Bandura dkk, 1999; Maddux dan Gosselin, 2003 dalam Myers, 2007:49). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dan masalah yang diangkat adalah bagaimana self-efficacy dalam kecemasan berbicara di depan umum pada kegiatan public speaking yang bersifat akademis pada tiga mahasiswa Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Bakrie. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui in-depth interview dan studi pustaka. Sedangkan informan yang dilibatkan meliputi tiga orang mahasiswa Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Bakrie, satu orang public speaking trainer , dan satu orang psikolog. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa informan merasa cukup yakin terhadap kemampuan mereka untuk berbicara di depan umum dan mengalami kecemasan pada komponen kognitif, afektif, dan konatif yang selalu muncul sebelum dan saat awal mereka melakukan presentasi. Kata kunci: self-efficacy , kecemasan berbicara di depan umum, mahasiswa Ilmu Komunikasi Universitas Bakrie ABSTRACT According to Bormann and Bormann, public speaking is a form of communication where a person has to stand up and decide, explain, support, or provide arguments that defy an idea or another person (1977, in Carpio and Encarnacion, 2004:2). Executing public speaking is far from easy, where a person is obliged to pay attention to the audience and always expected to perform effectively in multiple situations . That’s why people, including college students, often experience anxiety when speaking in front of the public. Public speaking anxiety is also influenced by many aspects, one of them is self-efficacy , which is an optimistic belief towards competency and effectiveness in one self (Bandura et all, 1999; Maddux and Gosselin, 2003 in Myers, 2007:49). This research uses descriptive qualitative method to analyze self-efficacy in academic public speaking anxiety in Bakrie University’s Communication Studies’ Students . The data needed is gathered through in-depth interviews and literature study. This research’s informants consist of three Bakrie University’s Communication Studies’ students, one public speaking trainer, and one psychology expert. The result shows that the informants feel pretty sure about their ability to speak in front of the public and experience anxiety cognitively, affectively, and conatively , which always appear before and in the beginning of their speech. Keywords: self-efficacy , public speaking anxiety , Bakrie University’s Communication Studies’ students DAFTAR PUSTAKA BUKU Ardianto, Elvinaro. 2011. Metode Penelitian untuk Public Relations : Kuantitatif dan Kualitatif. Bandung. Simbiosa Rekatama Media Arifin, Anwar. 2010. Ilmu Komunikasi: Sebuah Pengantar Ringkas . Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada Bungin, Burhan. 2011. Penelitian Kualitatif: Ekonomi, Kebutuhan Publik, dan Ilmu Sosial Lainnya. Jakarta: Kencana. Carpio, Rustica C. dan Encarnacion, Anacleta M. 2004. Private and Public Speaking . Jakara: Yayasan Obor Indonesia Daymon, Christine dan Holloway, Immy. 2002. Qualitative Research Methods in Public Relations and Marketing Communications . London: Taylor and Francis. Griffin, Cindy L. 2012. Invitation to Public Speaking . United States of America: Wardsworth Cengage Learning. Myers, David G. 2007. Exploring Social Psychology . New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Olii, Helena. 2010. Public Speaking . Jakarta: Indeks Pajares, Frank dan Urdan, Tim. 2006. Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents . Charlotte: Information Age Publishing. Rakhmat, Jalaluddin. 2011. Retorika Modern: Pendekatan Praktis. Bandung. Remaja Rosdakarya Santrock, John. 2010. Life-Span Development . New-York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education Taylor, Shelley E dkk. 2012. Psikologi Sosial. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Grup Tubbs, Stewart L. dan Moss, Sylvia. 2005. Human Communication: Konteks-Konteks Komunikasi . Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya Wood, Julia T. 2011. Communication Mosaics: An Introduction to the Field of Communication . Canada: Wadsworth Cengage Learning PENELITIAN Anwar, Astrid Indi Dwisty. 2009. Skripsi. Hubungan Antara Self-Efficacy dengan Kecemasan Berbicara di Depan Umum pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Sumatera Utara. http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/14504/1/101.pdf . Diakses pada 18 Maret 2015. Hadziosmanovic, Lejla. 2012. Students Perspective on Speaking Anxiety and Dynamics in the ESL Classroom . http://dspace.mah.se/handle/2043/13641 . Diakses pada 18 April 2015. Hsu, Tsu-Chia. 2012. A Study on the EFL students’ speech related anxiety in Taiwan . http://www.consortiacademia.org/index.php/ijrsll/article/view/74/58 . Diakses pada 21 April 2015. Muslimin, Khoirul. 2013. Jurnal Interaksi: Vol. II No. 2. Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kecemasan Berkomunikasi di Depan Umum (Kasus Mahasiswa Fakultas Dakwah INISNU). http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/interaksi/article/view/6587/5420 . Diakses pada 16 Maret 2015. Partini. 2012. Motivasi Belajar Ditinjau Dari Komunikasi Interpersonal https://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/handle/11617/1770 . Diakses pada 25 Maret 2015 Preez, Jan Du. 2010. Co-Constructing Self-Efficacy Narratives: A Study of Four Mature Age University Students . http://eprints.qut.edu.au/44050/1/ Jan _ du _ Preez _Thesis.pdf . Diakses pada 20 April 2015. Winarni, Reny. 2013. Jurnal Online Psikologi: Vol. 01 No. 2. Kepercayaan Diri Dengan Kecemasan Komunikasi di Depan Umum pada Mahasiswa. http://ejournal.umm.ac.id/index.php/jop/article/viewFile/1647/1743 . Diakses pada 16 Maret 2015 ONLINE Carbonell, David. 2015. Fear of Public Speaking: the Fear that Stalls Careers. http://www.anxietycoach.com/fear-of-public-speaking.html . Diakses pada 28 April 2015. Cherry, Kendra. 2015. What is Self-Efficacy ?. http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/self_efficacy.htm . Diakses pada 13 Maret 2015 Cuncic, Arlin. 2014. Tips For Managing Public Speaking Anxiety . http://socialanxietydisorder.about.com/od/copingwithsad/a/speech.htm . Diakses pada 28 April 2015. Fitton, Emily K. 2011. Self-Efficacy. http://www.funderstanding.com/educators/self-efficacy/ . Diakses pada 1 Mei 2015. Gallo, Carmine. 2012. 11 Presentations Lessons You Can Still Learn From Steve Jobs. http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2012/10/04/11-presentation-lessons-you-can-still-learn-from-steve-jobs/ . Diakses pada 4 April 2015. Hojanto, Ongky. 2014. 8 Manfaat Belajar Public Speaking. http://ongkyhojanto.com/8-manfaat-belajar-public-speaking/ . Diakses pada 27 April 2015. Ibrahim, Ratih. 2012. Profil Ratih Ibrahim. http://personalgrowth.co.id/en/aboutus-personaldata.php?id=1 . Diakses pada 10 Juli 2015. Kartikawati, Eny. 2013. Tidak Berhenti Belajar, Rahasia Sukses Psikolog Ratih Ibrahim. http://wolipop.detik.com/read/2013/07/03/174502/2291825/1133/tidak-berhenti-belajar-rahasia-sukses-psikolog-ratih-ibrahim . Diakses pada 10 Juli 2015. Morgan, Nick. 2011. Why We Fear Public Speaking and How to Overcome It. http://www.forbes.com/sites/nickmorgan/2011/03/30/why-we-fear-public-speaking-and-how-to-overcome-it/ . Diakses pada 17 Juni 2015 Sisson, Natalie. 2012. Five Reasons Why The Fear of Public Speaking is Great For You . http://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2012/10/09/five-reasons-why-the-fear-of-public-speaking-is-great-for-you/ . Diakses pada 17 Juni 2015. Sjarief, Melarissa. 2015. Kamu yang Kuliah di Jurusan Ilmu Komunikasi Pasti Paham 30 Penderitaan Ini. http://www.idntimes.com/hype/serbaserbi/878/Kamu-yang-Kuliah-di-Jurusan-Ilmu-Komunikasi-Pasti-Paham-30-Penderitaan-Ini . Diakses pada 8 Juli 2015 Soekotjo, Indah. 2015. About Indah Soekotjo . http://indahsoekotjo.blogspot.com/ . Diakses pada 10 Juli 2015. Soekotjo, Indah. 2015. Indah Soekotjo. https://www.facebook.com/indahsoekotjo?ref=br_rs . Diakses pada 10 Juli 2015. Zekeri, Andrew. 2004. Why Is Public Speaking Important?- Personal Benefits of Public Speaking . http://writingcommons.org/open-text/genres/public-speaking/844-why-is-public-speaking-important . Diakses pada 28 April 2015. WAWANCARA Indah Soekotjo. Public Speaking Trainer . 9 Mei 2015. Personal Interview . Jorgi Pratama Septiafel. Mahasiswa Peminatan Marketing Communication Ilmu Komunikasi UB. 28 April 2015. Personal Interview Kartika Putri Hanafi. Mahasiswi Peminatan Corporate Communication Ilmu Komunikasi UB. 28 April 2015. Personal Interview Nelly Hassani Rachmi. Mahasiswi Peminatan Mass and Media Communication Ilmu Komunikasi UB. 19 Mei 2015. Personal Interview Ratih Ibrahim. Psikolog. 5 Mei 2015. Personal Interview
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it