Evidence for the eastward spread of the aggressive oilseed rape pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans in Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Leptosphaeria maculans is a serious pathogen of oilseed rape (canola, rapeseed, Brassica napus), causing seedling death and lodging or early senescence of adult plants (phoma stem canker or blackleg) in Europe, Australia and North America (West et al., 2001). In Europe, L. maculans has been distributed mainly in western countries that grow oilseed rape, such as Germany, France and England. A closely related species, L. biglobosa, occurs throughout Europe, North America and parts of China, but is less damaging. The pathogens can be spread to new areas by seed movement, although this is rare (Wang et al., 2003). Additionally, they produce wind-dispersed ascospores from fruiting bodies on crop debris. Most ascospores are deposited within a few kilometres of the source, but potentially a small number may blow considerable distances. Until the mid-1970s, phoma stem canker disease in Canada was caused only by L. biglobosa and was not considered to be important. However, L. maculans spread throughout Canada by the late 1980s (reviewed by Gugel & Petrie, 1992), having been first detected in Saskatchewan during the mid-1970s. Recently, L. maculans has been reported for the first time in Mexico (Moreno-Rico et al., 2001) and Brazil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".