Bibliographic record
Abstract
Let $I$, $H$, $S$, $P$, $P_s$ be the usual operators on classes of rings: $I$ and $H$ for isomorphic and homomorphic images of rings and $S$, $P$, $P_s$ respectively for subrings, direct, and subdirect products of rings. If $\mathcal K$ is a class of commutative rings with identity (and in general of any kind of algebraic structures), then the class $HSP({\mathcal K})$ is known to be the variety generated by the class $\mathcal K$. Although the class $SHPS({\mathcal K})$ is in general a proper subclass of the class $HSP({\mathcal K})$ for many familiar varieties $HSP({\mathcal K})= SHPS({\mathcal K})$. Our goal is to give an example of a class $\mathcal K$ of commutative rings with identity such that $HSP({\mathcal K})\not = SHPS({\mathcal K})$. As a consequence we will describe the structure of two partially ordered monoids of operators.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".