Implication of Trade Livelihood and Employment Exclusion among Workers in Plantation Sector in Kerala
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The first part of the study has focused on the trends in area, production\nand productivity comparing the state’s performance with of national level\nperformance. Also an attempt was made to understand the trends in\ncommodity price over the years especially in the post liberalization period\nfrom the early 1990s. Plantation commodities occupy an important share in\nthe country’s export basket and thereby earning foreign exchange to the\nnational exchequer. Taking into consideration the competitive dimension of\nnatural rubber, cardamom and pepper in the export market was analyzed to\nsee penetration of these commodities in the world market.The second part of the study has tried to understand the plantation\nworkers livelihood by understand the employment generation in the sector.\nLivelihood assets of plantation workers were analyzed to understand the nature of ownership of various assets. Understanding the poor quality and\nownership of various livelihood assets and their relative deprivation the study\nalso tried to understand the income-expenditure patterns and the nature of\nindebtedness among workers and the factors responsible for deprivation and\nthereby social exclusion.Area, Production and productivity trends of rubber, pepper and\ncardamom show a mixed picture. Area, Production trends are impacted\ngreatly by the commodity price of the plantation crops.High correlation exists\nbetween commodity price and area and production trends of plantation crops\nin the state.In terms of Natural Rubber, Kerala experienced a steady growth over\nthe years in terms of area production and productivity as the price of rubber\nhas increasedIn terms of black pepper, the state witnessed a deceleration in growth.In the case of cardamom the area of cultivation declined whereas\nproduction increasedProductivity of natural rubber, pepper and cardamom has increased\nsubstantially over the yearsEmployment pattern in rubber and spices sub-sector has been analyzed\nby looking in to the commodity prices so as to see the changes in\nemployment pattern over the years. The study has helped to understand that\ncommodity price and employment generation in plantations are interconnected\nto such an extent that a fall in the commodity price have greater reverberations\non the employment pattern in plantations.Livelihood analysis both in the small and large holdings show that\nworkers belonging to rubber (large and small rubber) plantations have shown\nbetter possession of livelihood assets when compared to spices plantation\nworkers as 16.2 percent of the spices sub-sector workers claimed about\nownership of house which is considered to be an important and primary\nlivelihood asset.In the case of natural assets like accessibility, availability and duration\nof water for drinking and other household purposes, the situation of workers\nin spices plantation still remain poor as around 80 percent of workers\ndepending on public well public taps and canals as source of drinking water.Evaluating financial assets also give clear indication that the road to\nsecure financial assets still remains a distant dream for the workers in\nplantation sectorEvaluating income and expenditure trends pinpoints to the fact that\ndisparity in terms of income exist among the plantation workersWhile observing the employment though wage levels have improved\nbecause of improvement in commodity price of plantation crops, significant\nimprovements are not visible in their livelihood and they remain excluded\ncompared to other sections of the society.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".