Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article will use the experience of the Quebecois in Canada to survey the linkage between cultural formation and race in Quebecois racial identity. It will then map out these linkages and their relations to the political and legal discourse that has emerged in Canada on the place of the Quebecois in the country. Cultural formation and racial formation are unmistakably linked. Specific social and linguistic separatism can, over time, crystallize into racial formation, especially if aided by official government recognition and legal codification. As this article will demonstrate, the verification of this idea can be clearly seen through the experience of the Quebecois in Canada, for the formation of Quebecois racial identity could not have occurred without the participation of the Canadian government in the process. * Adjunct Professor of Law, Pepperdine University. B.A., University of California at San Diego; J.D., University of Illinois; Ph.D. Candidate (Politics and International Relations), University of Southern California. Correspondence: University of Southern California, Department of Political Science, 3518 Trousdale Parkway, VKC-327, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0044. E-Mail: Rudy.Baker@yahoo.com. HeinOnline -10 J.L. Soc'y 1 2008 JOURNAL OF LA WIN SOCIETY 10:1
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.036 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".