Exposure to bisphenol A modulates hormone concentrations in <i>Gammarus pseudolimnaeus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting compound that can enter aquatic systems through landfill leachate or wastewater effluent. Although impacts of BPA on vertebrates are well documented, its effects on invertebrates are less clear. Amphipods such as Gammarus pseudolimnaeus Bousfield, 1958 are often prevalent invertebrates in freshwater ecosystems and can provide a powerful invertebrate model system to investigate the endocrine-disruptive capabilities of BPA. However, techniques to assay hormone concentrations in amphipods, especially vertebrate-like steroid sex hormones, are not widespread. In this study, we (i) quantified estrogen concentrations in juveniles and in adult female amphipods; (ii) quantified testosterone concentrations in juveniles and in adult male amphipods; and (iii) delineated changes to estrogen and testosterone concentrations of adults and juveniles following a 9-day exposure to BPA at four levels: 0 (control), 10, 50, and 100 µg/L BPA. Tissue extracts from homogenized samples were analyzed for estrogen or testosterone concentrations via radioimmunoassay for each reproductive class of amphipod. Low concentrations of BPA significantly increased estrogen concentrations in adult females and in juveniles. Moderate and high concentrations of BPA significantly increased testosterone concentrations in adult males, and low and moderate concentrations of BPA significantly increased testosterone concentrations of juveniles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".