Impacts of Variations of Geomagnetic Storm Disturbances on High Voltage Power Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Over the past 20 years there have been several studies examining the impacts of geomagnetic storms on high voltage power systems on the Earth's surface. These were strongly motivated by the blackout of the power grid in Quebec, Canada in March 1989 due to a severe geomagnetic storm created by a coronal mass ejection on the sun several days earlier. This paper evaluates examples of three major types of geomagnetic disturbances that typically occur (auroral electrojets, sudden storm commencements, and high speed streams due to coronal holes on the Sun). In each case the nature of the geomagnetic time variation is discussed along with its typical conversion to electric fields in the Earth. This allows a determination of the potential impact on a power grid. It is important to understand the relative importance of these different types of disturbances, as they have different latitudes of exposure, which are important for the locations of different power grids throughout the world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".