Characteristics of the Poynting flux and wave normal vectors of whistler‐mode waves observed on THEMIS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The characteristics of the Poynting flux and wave normal vectors of whistler‐mode waves outside the plasmapause are investigated for the lower (0.1–0.5 f ce ) and upper bands (0.5–0.8 f ce ), where f ce is the equatorial electron cyclotron frequency. To analyze the wave properties, we utilized high‐resolution waveform data from multiple THEMIS spacecraft in the near‐equatorial magnetosphere from June 2008 to November 2012. Full measurements of the wave electric and magnetic fields are used to calculate the Poynting fluxes and construct the wave normal vectors, which are then used to calculate the polar and azimuthal angles with respect to the background magnetic field. Statistical results show that the majority of whistler‐mode waves propagate away from the magnetic equator, suggesting that the major source region is very close to the equator. The lower band wave normal angle distribution shows a major peak close to the field line direction and a secondary peak near the resonance cone. In contrast, the wave normal distribution of upper band waves exhibits a broad distribution between 0° and 60° with the largest probability at ~0°. The azimuthal component of the wave normal vector predominantly points radially outward for both lower and upper band waves, but a tendency for azimuthal propagation is observed for lower band waves in the day and dusk sectors probably due to pronounced azimuthal density gradients in the afternoon sector. Our statistical results provide crucial information on the Poynting fluxes and wave normal vectors of whistler‐mode waves, which play a significant role in radiation belt electron dynamics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".