Malaria and the Emergence of Rural Health in Argentina: An Analysis from the Perspective of International Interaction and Co-operation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
At the end of the 19th century, after having long neglected sanitary conditions in rural areas, Argentinean public health authorities began to recognize the need to combat malaria in the country's northern provinces. The disease was proliferating among workers in the sugarcane and cotton industries, jeopardizing national and international economic interests. The crusade against malaria involved co-operation of the Argentinean, Brazilian, European, and US scientists, whose concerted efforts led to identification of the local characteristics of the disease and its mosquito vector. Argentina's antimalaria campaigns also derived from international interactions, but 19th-century European models proved hard to supplant. This study illustrates how malaria was established as an issue of public concern in Argentina in the early 20th century, highlighting the disease's socioeconomic dimensions and exploring the role of international sanitary co-operation in paving the way for the establishment of a rural hygiene discourse.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".