A parameterization of cirrus cloud formation: Homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosols
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The nucleation and initial growth of ice crystals in cirrus clouds at low (<235 K) temperatures prevailing in the upper troposphere and in the tropopause region is theoretically considered. The analysis explains the dependence of the number density of ice crystals on the vertical velocity and temperature seen in numerical simulations of cirrus formation when the timescale of depositional growth of the pristine ice particles is fast compared to the timescale of the freezing event. In such cases, applicable in many situations, the number of crystals formed via homogeneous freezing of aqueous solution droplets is rather insensitive to details of the aerosol size distribution, but increases rapidly with updraft velocity and decreases with temperature. The derived parameterization is validated with parcel model simulations, and its applicability for use in climate models is discussed. The potential role of aerosol size and heterogeneous freezing processes in altering the predicted cirrus properties is briefly addressed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".