Ultrafast Three-Dimensional Serial Time-Encoded Imaging With High Vertical Resolution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3-D) serial time-encoded imaging system with a high vertical resolution based on microwave phase or frequency detection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A regular serial time-encoded imaging system can perform ultrafast two-dimensional imaging in which the reflectivity of a sample surface is represented by the intensity change of a microwave waveform. By adding one reference channel to form a Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure, the depth information of the sample surface is encoded as the microwave phase or frequency change, thus, 3-D imaging is implementable by extracting the phase or frequency information. In the proposed approach, the intensity and phase or frequency information are extracted based on Hilbert transform from the microwave waveform. The approach is experimentally evaluated. The imaging of a silicon chip as a sample is performed. A vertical resolution better than 130 nm and a depth measurement range greater than 2 mm are demonstrated.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".