Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mobility of bed material is investigated in a small gravel bed river in which the bed is weakly bimodal in texture and relatively stable. The bed surface remained intact throughout the freshet, and scour was limited to small areas of the bed. Observations of bedload caught in pit traps and displacement of magnetically tagged particles during two spring freshets permit analysis of the mobility of each size fraction. Fractional transport rates plot up to three orders of magnitude below the reference transport rate suggested in the literature. At low flows, no size fraction was fully mobile. At intermediate flows (shear stress >27 Pa) sand was fully mobile while larger material remained partially mobile. At high flows (>43 Pa) the division between the full and partial mobility regimes occurred around 16 mm, which remains finer than the median size of the subsurface material. The largest material scarcely moves at mean annual flood. Magnetic tracers confirmed results obtained from the pit traps. Three distinct zones of mobility can be defined in fractional transport plots: partial mobility, full mobility, and overpassing/suspended. Critical shear stress for incipient motion varied over an order of magnitude; a qualitatively similar result for bimodal sediment was reported by Wilcock and McArdell [1993] . Incipient motion analysis based on the largest grain observed to move yielded an upper envelope implying transport similarity for sizes found on the bed surface, and a lower envelope that corresponds with our (nonsimilar) entrainment criterion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".