Bibliographic record
Abstract
Exerpt from Financial Times Comment & Analysis: Europe takes on reform of welfare state: A new study indicates that while UK has transformed its social policies, rest of Europe has been far from idle - '[A] stimulating new book on European welfare states [Welfare States under Pressure] suggests that view of Britain as only great welfare state reformer is overstated. And it adds that game across Europe is about to change!. This new study argues that, particularly in late 1990s, there has been more reform in rest of Europe than is appreciated in UK. And that Europe as a whole is on cusp of much greater changes!. Certainly in France and possibly in Germany, study judges, traditional power balance between government, employers, unions and welfare providers has shifted such that government may be able to impose much more drastic measures...In UK, by contrast, impact of EU institutions may in some areas mean a degree of levelling up - as in healthcare. The most intriguing question is how far reformed welfare states will retain social cohesion they are designed to produce.So far, even in UK, they have proved remarkably resilient - adapting to changing needs rather than being rolled back. This study's verdict on issue is don't know. But so much change is on way, it says, that the past is unlikely to be a good guide to future' - Nicholas Timmins, The Financial Times Welfare States under Pressure provides a timely and comprehensive review of welfare policy-making in Europe. The text compares different ways in which welfare states have responded to similar pressures over recent years, and considers how welfare is likely to develop in future. This work: * provides up to date accounts of welfare development in Finland, Sweden, France, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and United Kingdom. * explores how similar pressures can lead to different responses due to different policy-making mechanisms in each of seven different countries * contains chapters written by leading national experts * written accessibly, and tightly edited, with each chapter following same conceptual structure. This volume takes a fresh approach in its analysis of future of welfare state in Europe.It suggests that opportunities for radical change in welfare systems are now opening up, and that there will be little continuity between future and past/present of welfare system in Europe. Welfare States under Pressure is invaluable to undergraduate students in social policy, European studies and politics, and will also be of great use to other social science students interested in Europe and its future development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.018 | 0.015 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".