Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss mental disorders that arise from alterations in brainstem–thalamic, thalamocortical and amygdalocortical neuronal circuits. Some of these abnormal activities result from diminution or pathological increase in the number of neurons, which is reflected in their functional output and leads to substantial changes at the level of their targets. Alterations in brainstem-thalamic and thalamocortical neuronal circuits, with emphasis on hallucinations and schizophrenia We will first describe what is known about the role of thalamic morphological and functional modifications in the generation of autism, sleep disorders, and loss of consciousness in absence epilepsy, and will next focus on the brainstem–thalamic and basal ganglia circuits that are hypothesized to generate hallucinations in schizophrenia. The expression of autistic disorders was ascribed by some authors to abnormal activities in some cortical areas and the thalamus. The highly attenuated dreaming in patients with autism and Asperger's syndrome (a developmental disorder regarded as equivalent to autism) was related to the ventromedial frontal cortex, which, when lesioned, gives rise to diminished dreaming. The thalamus was also implicated in autism as anatomical changes and functional alterations through this anteroom to the cerebral cortex may involve disturbances of attention and sensory gating. Thus, in autism, the thalamic volume was found to be significantly different (mainly reduced) relative to normal control subjects (Herbert et al. , 2003; Tsatsanis et al. , 2003); and emotion processing results in lower regional cerebral blood flow in some cortical areas and in the thalamus (Hall et al. , 2003).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".