Spatial and temporal monitoring of urbanization by Persistent Scatterers Interferometry technique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Satellite InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) has shown in recent years its capabilities in providing\nprecise measurements of ground displacement. In the case of slow movements (up to few cm/year) affecting urban\nareas, the multi-interferogram techniques, such as the Permanent Scatterers (PS) (developed by Tele-Rilevamento\nEuropa, a spin-off company of the Politecnico di Milano University), are able to retrieve the spatial distribution of\ndisplacements and their evolution along the monitored period.\nThanks to the availability of archive datasets of SAR images acquired by the ERS1/2 satellites (ESA - European\nSpatial Agency), spanning from 1992 to 2002, and images by RADARSAT-1 (CSA - Canadian Spatial Agency),\nspanning from 2003-to present, the PS analysis can be applied to provide back analysis and monitoring of ground\ndeformation.\nThe PS analysis allowed us to detect, characterize and monitor areas affected by ground deformation.\nUrban areas present many sites affected by ground movement caused by new surface and underground infrastructures\nand sediment consolidation processes started with new building works.\nThe integration of PS data with construction phases, geotechnical deposits properties and recent urbanization\nplans allows the characterization of deformations caused by new urbanization processes.\nThe temporal series analysis allowed us to set the construction effects on the surrounding buildings both for\nsuperficial and underground urbanization. At a detailed scale, satellite data provide relevant multi-temporal\ninformation data to assess spatial and temporal evolution of deformations.\nIn particular here is presented an innovative post-processing analysis of PS data to individuate anomalies in\ndeformation trends, very useful for emergency real-time forecast and surveillance phases.\nThe issues also confirm that this chain, from measurements to characterization of new urbanization impact, is a\nvaluable method in deferred time risk management.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".