ON THE DISTANCE OF THE GLOBULAR CLUSTER M4 (NGC 6121) USING RR LYRAE STARS. II. MID-INFRARED PERIOD–LUMINOSITY RELATIONS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New mid-infrared (MIR) period–luminosity (PL) relations are presented for RR Lyræ variables in the globular cluster M4 (NGC 6121). Accurate photometry was obtained for 37 RR Lyræ variables using observations from the Infrared Array Camera on board the Spitzer Space Telescope . The dispersion of M4's PL relations is 0.056, and the uncertainty in the slope is 0.11 mag. Additionally, we established calibrated PL relations at 3.6 and 4.5 μ m using published Hubble Space Telescope geometric parallaxes of five Galactic RR Lyræ stars. The resulting band-averaged distance modulus for M4 is ± ± . The systematic uncertainty will be greatly reduced when parallaxes of more stars become available from the GAIA mission. Optical and infrared period–color (PC) relations are also presented, and the lack of an MIR PC relation suggests that RR Lyræ stars are not affected by CO absorption in the 4.5 μ m band.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".