Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tradition will not work in the complexities of modern life. Walter Lippmann, 1914 American capital will be the controlling factor in public and private finance. William S. Culbertson, 1930 By the end of the Great War, the military prowess and technological capability of U.S. armed forces had reached unprecedented heights. Showing the geographic sweep of the security ethos, U.S.-trained constabularies were trying to maintain order from the Caribbean and Central America to the Philippines. In addition, intervention in Mexico in futile pursuit of Pancho Villa in 1916–17 and subsequently against the Bolsheviks in Russia showed a willingness to deploy troops to far-flung regions of the globe in defense of national interests. Making the immediate postwar years different from the late nineteenth century was America's status as the world's foremost power, replacing Great Britain. Also evident was the weariness brought on by the human and material costs of the war. Mark Twain's cri de coeur denouncing war and empire, The War Prayer , which first appeared in 1916, evinced a greater understanding of the travail of war than did Roosevelt's fears about civilization and manhood absent the presumed glories of combat. The treaty written at Versailles by Woodrow Wilson and the Allies did not necessarily hold the key to a better world; rather, it provided a hiatus of unspecified length during which the powers might try to build a foundation for a durable peace. In addition, the League of Nations did constitute a novel forum for addressing crucial international issues.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".