Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, smoking and lung function in adults: the HUNT Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) level and lung function changes in the general population remains unclear.We conducted cross-sectional (n=1220) and follow-up (n=869) studies to investigate the interrelationship of serum 25(OH)D, smoking and lung function changes in a random sample of adults from the Nord-Trøndelag Health (HUNT) Study, Norway.Lung function was measured using spirometry and included forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) % predicted, forced vital capacity (FVC) % pred and FEV1/FVC ratio. Multiple linear and logistic regression models estimated the adjusted difference in lung function measures or lung function decline, adjusted odds ratios for impaired lung function or development of impaired lung function and 95% confidence intervals.40% of adults had serum 25(OH)D levels <50 nmol·L(-1). Overall, those with a serum 25(OH)D level <50 nmol·L(-1) showed worse lung function and increased odds of impaired lung function compared to the ≥50 nmol·L(-1) group. These associations tended to be stronger among ever-smokers, including greater decline in FEV1/FVC ratio and greater odds of the development of impaired lung function (FEV1/FVC <70% OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.2-4.9). Associations among never-smokers were null. Results from cross-sectional and follow-up studies were consistent. There were no associations between serum 25(OH)D levels and lung function or lung function changes in never-smokers, whereas significant associations were observed in ever-smokers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".