Impedance spectroscopy analysis of La-doped PbWO4 single crystals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of La doping on the scintillating properties of lead tungstate single crystal has been intensively investigated and was found to be dependent on the doping concentration. In this article a series of La-doped single crystals were measured and analyzed by the impedance spectroscopic technique. The experimental results show that the ac conductivities of PWO:La crystals follow Jonscher’s power law. The main carriers are oxygen vacancies with an approximate activation energy of 0.78 eV for ionic conduction of all the crystals. The effects of La doping on the conductivity and dielectric relaxation are interpreted in terms of a transition level in the range of 500 ppm–1 mol % for La doping. For low doping concentrations, positive charge caused by substitution of La3+ ions on the Pb2+ lattice are balanced by VPb, whereas it is by interstitial oxygen and La ions at W lattices for heavy doping.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".