A HISTORY AND CURRENT ESTIMATE OF WOLF DISTRIBUTION AND NUMBERS IN MINNESOTA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The eastern timber wolf (Canis lupus lycaon) formerly occurred throughout most of the eastern United States and southeastern Canada, but by 1965, it inhabited only 3% of its former range in the U.S. outside of Alaska (Bailey 1978). In 1967, the eastern timber wolf was listed as endangered in the contiguous U.S. and was completely protected by the Federal Endangered Species Act of 1973 in August 1974. In addition, the Eastern Timber Wolf Recovery Plan was developed for the maintenance, enhancement, and recovery of this subspecies throughout as much of its present and former range as feasible (Bailey 1978). Specific recovery objectives and progress toward recovery might best be assessed by reviewing historical population levels and trends (Gunson 1992). Herein, we present information on the distribution and numbers of wolves in Minnesota since 1950. We also estimate current wolf range from a survey of wolf observations made mostly by government natural resource personnel in Minnesota during winter 1988-1989 and from road and human population density and distribution data. These results are combined with wolf demographic data and estimated densities of white-tailed deer
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".