A Modified Round Baler to Harvest Small-Diameter Woody Biomass
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A round baler was modified to harvest woody crops with a basal stem diameter up to 75 mm at the point of cut.Two innovative headers were designed to cut, shred and feed the woody biomass into the round bale chamber.In 2006, a first header was designed and constructed, specifically for row-planted willow.It included a 1.97-m wide four-saw-blade horizontal cutter, a 1.55-m wide horizontal rotor shredder and a 1.2-m wide baler.The machine could harvest one or two willow rows at a time with continuous cutting and baling rates between 8 and 12 t wet matter/h.In 2006, more than 90 bales were harvested.Bale diameter ranged between 1.0 and 1.5 m; density between 220 and 300 kg wet/m³.The rotary saw blades used in the first header left a neat and clean cut stubble which favours rapid regrowth of plantations.However, the saw blades are expected to be less efficient in uneven land with natural shrubs and scattered rocks.In 2007, a second header was designed without saw blades; it used a more aggressive and wider rotary shredder (2.30 m) including 20 flail hammers or 60 flail knives able to simultaneously cut and shred the woody crop.This second header was used to harvest natural brushes on abandoned agricultural land, natural pasture with sporadic shrubs and forest understory vegetation.In the western Canadian prairie, the prototype harvested natural willow rings around marshes at rates from 5 to 7 t wet crop/h.This innovative "bio-baler" could therefore be used to harvest fast growing willow plantations or naturally growing woody brushes as new sources of biomass, in addition to rejuvenating the land from sometimes undesirable shrubs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".