Permanent Mold Casting of Copper-Base Alloys for Plumbing Applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The lead content of drinking water has been restricted to less than 15 ppb by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in USA. This has led to extensive research and development work at the Materials Technology Laboratory (MTL) of CANMET, a Canadian Government research laboratory, on the development of low-lead and lead-free copper alloys for plumbing applications. Attentionhas also been focused on the environmentally friendly and energy efficient permanent mold casting process to minimize the disposal of foundry sand contaminated by lead due to the use of leaded alloys in the non-ferrous foundries. A new series of alloys called SeBiLOY contaning Bi and Se been introduced to replace lead in the leaded alloys. This paper addresses some important casting characteristics such as fluidity, hot tear resistance, mechanical properties and microstructure of lead-free alloys such as SeBiLOY III and low-lead alloys such as silicon brass, silicon bronze and yellow brass in gravity permanent mold casting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".