J.W. Spencer (1851-1921): his Life in Canada, and his Work on Preglacial River Valleys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
J.W. Spencer, born and buried in Dundas, Ontario, was a pioneer Canadian geomorphologist. After attending school in Dundas, he moved to Hamilton where he worked in a pharmacy, and was encouraged by local amateur geologists. He attended McGill University from 1871 to 1874, studied under William Dawson and Bernard Harrington, and graduated in the newly reorganized Applied Sciences program. He spent the summer of 1874 working as Robert Bell's assistant in Manitoba, and the following summer working in the Michigan copper mines as an assistant to a mine engineer, Luther Emerson. He obtained a position as science teacher at Hamilton Collegiate Institute (Fig. 1) in 1876. In 1877 he submitted his thesis on Michigan copper deposits to the university at Gottingen, Germany and that summer he visited the university, passed his oral examinations and was awarded the Ph.D., becoming the second Canadian to earn a doctorate in geology. In 1880 he became Professor at King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia. He concentrated his geological studies on the region around his birthplace at the head of Lake Ontario: at first mainly Paleozoic geology and paleontology, but by 1880 he had switched decisively to surficial geology, particularly the preglacial drainage of Lakes Erie and Ontario. In 1880 he travelled extensively in the United States and attended the AAAS meeting in Boston, where he met J.P. Lesley, who encouraged him to continue his studies of preglacial rivers. In 1882 he accepted a position as Professor and Director of the Museum of Natural History at the University of Missouri. RESUME J.W. Spencer qui est ne et a ete inhume chez lui a Dundas en Ontario a ete un geomorphologue canadien qui a fait oeuvre de pionnier. Apres avoir ete a l'ecole a Dundas, il a demenage a Hamilton ou il a travaille dans une pharmacie, et c'est a ce moment que des geologues amateurs l'ont encourage a aller de l'avant. Il a frequente l'Universite McGill de 1871 a 1874, ou il a recu les enseignements de William Dawson et de Bernard Harrington, et suivi avec succes la formation du programme nouvellement refondu en sciences appliquees. Durant l'ete de 1874, il a ete l'assistant de Robert Bell au Manitoba et, l'ete suivant, il a travaille dans les mines de cuivre du Michigan ou il a ete l'assistant Luther Emerson, ingenieur minier. En 1876, il a obtenu le poste de professeur de science a l'Institut collegial Hamilton (Fig. 1). En 1877, il a soumis sa these sur les gisements de cuivre du Michigan a l'universite de Gottingen en Allemagne, et durant l'ete il s'est rendu a l'universite, y a passe ses examensoraux, puis a obtenu son Ph.D., devenant le deuxieme Canadien a obtenir un doctorat en geologie. En 1880, il est devenu professeur au King's College, a Windsor en Nouvelle-Ecosse. Il a concentre ses recherches geologiques sur la region de son lieu de naissance, a la source du lac Ontario : il s'est d'abord principalement interesse a la geologie et a la paleontologie du Paleozoique, mais en 1880 ses interets avaient carrement change pour se porter sur la geologie de la surface, particulierement le drainage preglaciaire des lacs Ontario et Erie. En 1880, il a beaucoup voyage aux Etats-Unis, participant au congres de l'AAAS (association etasunienne pour l'avancement des sciences) a Boston, ou il a rencontre J. P. Lesley qui l'a encourage a continuer ses recherches sur les cours d'eau pre-glaciaires. En 1882, il a accepte un poste de professeur et de directeur au musee d'histoire naturelle de l'Universite du Missouri.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".